一、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)
時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：
1.以下幾類動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：
(1)表示感知的動(dòng)詞：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell；
(2)表示意愿、情感的動(dòng)詞：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；
(3)表示思考、看法的動(dòng)詞：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；
(4)表示所有、占有的動(dòng)詞：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容納)；
(5)其他動(dòng)詞：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。
如：
I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.
(1997年考研題， belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)
He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.
(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式)
2. 不用will/shall表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)的形式：
(1)be going to表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖；
(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作；
(3)be to (do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：
Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.
(4)be about to (do)表示將要(做)，如：
Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.
(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用；
(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按日歷或時(shí)刻表要發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作或事件，如：
If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.
(畫(huà)線部分一般不用will be)
(7)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：
I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語(yǔ)從句)
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來(lái)電話。(賓語(yǔ)從句)
比較：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語(yǔ)從句)
(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，如：
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式)
3.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
(1)by/between/up to/till +過(guò)去時(shí)間、since、by the time/when +表示過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.
(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)
(2)by +將來(lái)時(shí)間、by the time/ when +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如：
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +過(guò)去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 但在it is +具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如：
The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.
(4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：
It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
(6)其他與完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。
4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：
The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.“ The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.
時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)答題思路：
(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案；
(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
二、不定式
1.不定式做主語(yǔ)
(1)做形式主語(yǔ)的代詞：
不定式做主語(yǔ), 通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ), 把做主語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)后置。 如：
It took me only five minutes to finish the job.
To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.
(2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語(yǔ)的介詞：
不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語(yǔ)時(shí), 不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)則由of引導(dǎo)：
absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如：
Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.
It’s clever of you to have invented such a device.
(3)不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
掌握常用不定式做主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的句型。注意不定式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如：
said
reported
thought
be to do sth.
believed
known
supposed
Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes.
The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday.
2.不定式做賓語(yǔ)
(1)必須接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：
掌握要求接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：
agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如：
Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.
注意:
1)有的動(dòng)詞要求特殊疑問(wèn)詞+不定式做賓語(yǔ), 這類動(dòng)詞有：
consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如：
While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen.
2)如果該特殊疑問(wèn)詞在不定式中做介詞賓語(yǔ), 介詞往往置于該特殊疑問(wèn)詞的前面。如:
The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory.
Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to base our thinking.
(2)可以用不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(復(fù)合賓語(yǔ))的動(dòng)詞：
下列動(dòng)詞可以用不定式做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)(復(fù)合賓語(yǔ))：
advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。
注意：畫(huà)線動(dòng)詞后面的不定式不帶to。
如：
Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us.
3.不定式做定語(yǔ)
(1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)或next, last, only, not a, the, very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：
the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個(gè)登上月球的女性
(2)如果其動(dòng)詞要求不定式做賓語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision to do→decide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：
ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”
curiosity to do “對(duì)……的好奇心”→be curious to do“對(duì)……好奇”
ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species’ ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會(huì)、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語(yǔ)，這些名詞包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運(yùn)動(dòng))，effort等。如：
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.
(5)不定代詞something, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語(yǔ)。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved.
4.不定式做狀語(yǔ)
不定式做狀語(yǔ)主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語(yǔ)，so as to不能置于句首。如：
To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent .
I advise them to withdraw so as not to get involved.
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語(yǔ)。如：
The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don’t have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。
常見(jiàn)的不定式動(dòng)詞有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：
Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked.
(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義。 如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽(tīng)到你的消息，我太高興了。
三、動(dòng)名詞
1.必須接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞
牢記下列要求接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞：
acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如：
Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do.
I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
2.動(dòng)名詞做介詞短語(yǔ)
考生尤其要識(shí)別下列短語(yǔ)中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號(hào)：
object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, prefer…to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如：
There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, would intervene personally.
Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time.
Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen.
As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years.
Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue.
四、分詞
分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚：
● 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。
● 過(guò)去分詞表示被動(dòng)，表示動(dòng)作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。
1.分詞做定語(yǔ)，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過(guò)去分詞的區(qū)別
分詞短語(yǔ)做定語(yǔ)相當(dāng)于省略了的定語(yǔ)從句，考生應(yīng)掌握：
(1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動(dòng)意義。如：
It’s easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相當(dāng)于the changes which take place...)
There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相當(dāng)于which gave...)
How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相當(dāng)于How many of us who will attend...)
(2)過(guò)去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動(dòng)意義。如：
Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
(相當(dāng)于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)
Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
(相當(dāng)于…each new phone which is added to…)
The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.
(相當(dāng)于…description which was based on…)
(3)下列不及物動(dòng)詞也以過(guò)去分詞形式做定語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)，但不具有被動(dòng)意義：
deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如：
an escaped prisoner一個(gè)逃犯
a retired worker一位退休工人
a faded curtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾
a newly arrived student一個(gè)新來(lái)的學(xué)生
2.分詞做狀語(yǔ)，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式
(1)表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動(dòng)作的時(shí)間先于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，要用完成式。如：
Having completed one task, we started on another one.
(complete先于start之前發(fā)生)
(2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。如：
He wasn’t asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.
There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
(3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.
Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.
(4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The city found itself in a crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.
(5)表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如：
The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.
Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.
