三、態(tài)度原則
命題專(zhuān)家命題時(shí)，為了驗(yàn)證考生到底有沒(méi)有讀懂文章，會(huì)就整個(gè)文章或某個(gè)語(yǔ)
言區(qū)域相對(duì)較為主觀的態(tài)度設(shè)問(wèn)。作者態(tài)度題有兩種題型：
1. 文章作者態(tài)度題
這種題目對(duì)考生而言難度較大，迷惑性也較強(qiáng)，因?yàn)槊}專(zhuān)家是針對(duì)整篇文章
設(shè)問(wèn)，考生很難找到具體對(duì)應(yīng)的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，所以要把握整篇文章。例如作者在談
一件事時(shí)是用反諷的口氣，還是贊成的語(yǔ)氣，此類(lèi)題所給的答案選項(xiàng)一般是四
個(gè)形容詞，考生應(yīng)在審題時(shí)就把握好這四個(gè)形容詞所表達(dá)的意思，然后返回文
章去尋找感覺(jué)。特別提醒考生要牢記所遇到的構(gòu)成作者態(tài)度題選項(xiàng)的每一個(gè)形
容詞。
做文章作者態(tài)度題時(shí)，千萬(wàn)不要把考生自己的態(tài)度揉進(jìn)文章中，同時(shí)要注意區(qū)
分作者本人的態(tài)度與作者引用的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度。文章作者態(tài)度是作者說(shuō)話(huà)的口氣
(tone)，不是考某一個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，而是文章中數(shù)個(gè)語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)串起來(lái)的一根線給讀者
的整體感覺(jué)。
例
Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since
OPEC agreed to supply_cuts in March, the price of crude oil has
jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.
This near_tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973
oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979―1980, when they also
almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double_digit
inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines
warning of gloom and doom this time?
The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq
suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same
time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price
higher still in the short term.
Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now
to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of
crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol
than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to
four_fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the
price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the
past.
Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so
less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a
shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy,
energy_intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software,
consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car
production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich
economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD
estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices average
$22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would
increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only 0.25%-0.5% of
GDP. That is less than one_quarter of the income loss in 1974 or
1980. On the other hand, oil_importing emerging economies―to which
heavy industry has shifted―have become more energy_intensive, and
so could be more seriously squeezed.
One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is
that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the
backbone of general commodity_price inflation and global excess
demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from
economic decline. The Economist's commodity price index is broadly
unchanging from a year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%,
and in 1979 by almost 30%.
From the text we can see that the writer seems .
［A］ optimistic
［B］ sensitive
［C］ gloomy
［D］ scared［2002年55題］
A［正確答案］
2. 局部作者態(tài)度題
此類(lèi)題目考查考生對(duì)局部細(xì)節(jié)所體現(xiàn)出的作者態(tài)度的理解，因此做此類(lèi)題時(shí)，
考生不能再像前一種態(tài)度題一樣去找“感覺(jué)”，而應(yīng)當(dāng)回到文章局部上，落到
實(shí)處。
例
In the last half of the nineteenth century, “capital” and
“l(fā)abour” were enlarging and perfecting their rival organisations
on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited
liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The
change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a
large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency
that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second
and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a
step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and
municipal and state_owned business. The railway companies, though
still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were
very unlike old family business!At the same time the great
municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and
other services to the taxpayers.
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business
had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of
capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of
shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing
irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the
landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible
management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America,
Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by
British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the
world's movement towards industrialisation. Towns like Bournemouth
and Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable” classes who
had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of
the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally
attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the
management. On the other hand “shareholding” meant leisure and
freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the
highest purpose of a great civilisation.
The “shareholders” as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts
or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which they held
shares, and their influence on the relations of capital and labour
was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more
direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had
seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the
employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old
family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations
and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations
impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and
organisation of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades,
enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the
companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and
lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and
understand the value of fair negotiation.
The author is most critical of .
［A］ family firm owners
［B］ landowners
［C］ managers
［D］ shareholders［1996年62題］
D［正確答案］
在談到family firm owners 時(shí)，作者只是說(shuō)：“通過(guò)雇用一大批專(zhuān)業(yè)人員，這
一變化適應(yīng)了新時(shí)代的技術(shù)要求，防止了效率的下降。而效率的下降通常是家
族公司在精力充沛的創(chuàng)立者之后的第二三代破產(chǎn)的原因。”這是很客觀的表
述，在談到landowners時(shí)說(shuō)：“對(duì)資本與企業(yè)的如此大規(guī)模的非個(gè)人運(yùn)作大大
增加了作為一個(gè)階層的持股人的數(shù)量及地位的重要性。
國(guó)民生活中這一現(xiàn)象的出現(xiàn)代表了不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富與土地及土地所有者的
義務(wù)的分離，這也在同樣程度上意味著（不由個(gè)人負(fù)責(zé)的財(cái)富)與經(jīng)營(yíng)管理責(zé)
任的分離�！币彩呛芸陀^的表述，沒(méi)有表明自己的態(tài)度。C選項(xiàng)在原文中有兩處
提及，但都是指帶薪經(jīng)理，對(duì)經(jīng)理并沒(méi)有進(jìn)行任何批評(píng)性評(píng)論，因而也不符合
題意。只有D選項(xiàng)對(duì)應(yīng)原文中The “shareholders” as such had no
knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by
the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the
relations of capital and labour was not good.“像這樣的‘持股人’對(duì)所
持股票公司雇用的工人的生活，思想和需求一無(wú)所知，他對(duì)資本與勞工關(guān)系沒(méi)
有什么好的影響�！憋@然，作者對(duì)這種“持股人”持批判的態(tài)度，所以D是正確
答案。實(shí)際上，1996年第62題命題也可以直接以下面的形式出現(xiàn)：
The author's attitude towards shareholders is.
［A］ biased［B］ positive［C］ sympathetic［D］ critical
四、首段原則
首段原則應(yīng)用于根據(jù)首段內(nèi)容所設(shè)置的題目，它包括兩種形式：首句原則和末
句原則。
1.首句原則
回顧近幾年的考研閱讀題，細(xì)心的考生會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)歷年考研試卷中都有題目針對(duì)首
段第一句話(huà)設(shè)問(wèn)，為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種情況？原因很簡(jiǎn)單，考研閱讀所選的文章
均是議論文和說(shuō)明文，此類(lèi)文章的文體要求在首段提出觀點(diǎn)、突出中心，因此
第一段就好像全篇文章的一個(gè)總綱，確定了文章的主要內(nèi)容，而第一句話(huà)常常
是一個(gè)自然段的主題句，首段首句自然就成為�？记冶乜嫉囊粋�(gè)考點(diǎn)。
例
It is said that in England death is pressing, in Canada inevitable
and in California optional. Small wonder. Americans' life expectancy
has nearly doubled over the past century. Failing hips can be
replaced, clinical depression controlled, cataracts removed in a
30_minute surgical procedure. Such advances offer the aging
population a quality of life that was unimaginable when I entered
medicine 50 years ago. But not even a great health_care system can
cure death―and our failure to confront that reality now threatens
this greatness of ours.
What is implied in the first sentence?
［A］ Americans are better prepared for death than other people.
［B］ Americans enjoy a higher life quality than ever before.
［C］ Americans are over_confident of their medical technology.
［D］ Americans take a vain pride in their long life expectancy.
［2003年56題］
C［正確答案］
2.末句原則
有時(shí)一個(gè)自然段的主題句也會(huì)出現(xiàn)在段末，因此考點(diǎn)也相應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)向末句。
例
Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or
mental functioning is a drug. Many people mistakenly believe the
term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegal
chemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar
substances such as alcohol and tobacco are also drugs. This is why
the more neutral term substance is now used by many physicians and
psychologists. The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead
of “drug abuse” to make clear that substances such as alcohol and
tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.
“Substance abuse”is preferable to “drug abuse” in that.
［A］ substance can alter our bodily or mental functioning if
illegally used
［B］ “drug abuse” is only related to a limited number or drug
takers
［C］ alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine
［D］ many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be
poisonous［1997年59題］
D［正確答案］
五、段落原則
段落推斷原則考查考生對(duì)段落內(nèi)容的理解，分為兩類(lèi)題型：段落首句推斷和段
落中句子推斷。針對(duì)這兩種具體題型的原則為：先看首句，如與選項(xiàng)符合即可
選擇，不必再浪費(fèi)時(shí)間看完整個(gè)段落，如首句不能與選項(xiàng)吻合時(shí)再將整個(gè)段落
讀完以尋找符合的選項(xiàng)。
1. 段落首句推斷
例
Straitford president George Friedman says he sees the online world
as a kind of mutually reinforcing tool for both information
collection and distribution, a spymaster's dream. Last week his firm
was busy vacuuming up data bits from the far corners of the world
and predicting a crisis in Ukraine. “As soon as that report runs,
we'll suddenly get 500 new Internet sign_ups from Ukraine,” says
Friedman, a former political science professor. “And we'll hear
back from some of them.” Open_source spying does have its risks, of
course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad.
That's where Straitford earns its keep.
It can be learned from paragraph 4 that.
［A］ Straitford's prediction about Ukraine has proved true
［B］ Straitford's guarantees the truthfulness of its information
［C］ Straitford's business is characterized by unpredictability
［D］ Straitford is able to provide fairly reliable information［2003
年44題］
D［正確答案］
2.段落中句子推斷
例
But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the web will need to
resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual
Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site
selling the right kind of products with the right mix of
interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online
customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,
which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.
People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so
few companies took the online plunge.
Ｗe learn from the last paragraph that .
［A］pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce
［B］interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online
customers
［C］leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago
［D］setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of
computing power［1999年58題］
B［正確答案］
六、轉(zhuǎn)折/對(duì)比原則
議論文和說(shuō)明文都強(qiáng)調(diào)邏輯的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性，而轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比常常可以用來(lái)測(cè)試考生在
這一方面的閱讀理解能力，所以考生對(duì)文中的轉(zhuǎn)折和對(duì)比關(guān)系應(yīng)高度重視，只
要看到標(biāo)明轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ鹊年P(guān)系詞如but, however等，就應(yīng)當(dāng)立即在原文上進(jìn)行
圈點(diǎn)。一般說(shuō)來(lái)轉(zhuǎn)折后的內(nèi)容多與上文所表達(dá)的意思相反，而對(duì)比往往是強(qiáng)調(diào)
其中的一方。
