2005年考研開(kāi)始考7選5填空題,該題型中有2個(gè)誤導(dǎo)選項(xiàng)需要考生予以排除,難度系數(shù)是4種新題型中最高的。
一、怎么考
(1)大綱規(guī)定
7選5填空題,是2005年考研英語(yǔ)試卷中首次增加的一種新題型。本題型分為兩個(gè)部分:主干部分和選項(xiàng)部分。主干部分的原文約600詞,其中有5段空白處——空白處的位置可能在段首、段落中間、段末,一般情況下不會(huì)是文章的第一句或最后一句,但是這個(gè)也不是絕對(duì)的。選項(xiàng)部分為7段文字,每段可能是一個(gè)句子,可能是兩三個(gè)句子,也有可能是完整的段落。其中5段分屬于主干部分的空白處。要求考生依據(jù)自己對(duì)文章的理解從選項(xiàng)中選擇5段文字放回文章中相應(yīng)的5段空白處。
從考試大綱和考試大綱分析,以及2005年的真題來(lái)看,考查的文章依舊是以說(shuō)明文和議論文為主。由于考查的是篇章結(jié)構(gòu),因此文章脈絡(luò)清晰,層次分明,格式具有代表性,各段之間聯(lián)系緊密,段中有過(guò)渡句及表示不同邏輯關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞等,這是考生正確答題的基礎(chǔ)。可以預(yù)見(jiàn),在將來(lái)考查7選5填空題的考查中,文章的題材依舊將會(huì)集中在經(jīng)濟(jì)、法律、教育、科普以及社會(huì)類(lèi)說(shuō)明文和議論文中。所以廣大考生們?cè)跅l件允許的情況下,應(yīng)該盡量多閱讀相關(guān)的文章,以適應(yīng)這種文章的風(fēng)格和結(jié)構(gòu)。
(2)命題形式
①段首:即5個(gè)題目全部是出現(xiàn)在某段的段首;
②段中:即5個(gè)題目全部是出現(xiàn)在某段的段中;
③段末:即5個(gè)題目全部是出現(xiàn)在某段的段末;
④段落:即5個(gè)題目全部是文章中的某個(gè)段落;
⑤混合:即5個(gè)題目既有出現(xiàn)在段首的、段中的,也有在段未的,還有是整個(gè)段落的。
二、怎么學(xué)
(1)研習(xí)真題,強(qiáng)化大綱:認(rèn)真研究2005年真題,仔細(xì)分析《考試大綱》和《考試分析》里的相關(guān)理論部分和例題,從中尋覓解答此類(lèi)題型的切入點(diǎn);只有在掌握了正確的解題方法的前提條件下去做大量的練習(xí)才能起到事半功倍的作用。
這種題型難度比較大,主要考查考生的邏輯能力,要求考生能夠弄清楚文章的結(jié)構(gòu)安排和段落關(guān)系,將選項(xiàng)和空白處上下文連接起來(lái)。
(2)題型分類(lèi),專(zhuān)項(xiàng)突破:考生需要按照前面的5種題型分項(xiàng)強(qiáng)化自己的每一種題型的解題技能。
(3)大量練習(xí),迅速提升:Practice makes perfect! 考生需要在掌握了正確的閱讀和解答方法后做大量的練習(xí)去強(qiáng)化自己。
三、怎么解
此類(lèi)題目主要是考查考生對(duì)諸如連貫性、一致性、邏輯聯(lián)系等語(yǔ)篇、語(yǔ)段整體性特征的理解,即要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上弄清文章的整體和微觀(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)。
(1)解題方法
①段落主旨解題法
A.段落的主旨句一般不是事實(shí),也不是真理,更不是個(gè)人的嗜好,而應(yīng)該是本段落需要證明的論點(diǎn);段落的開(kāi)頭句通常就是本段的主旨句;
B.如果題目出現(xiàn)在段落的中間,一般段落的中間句是對(duì)本段論點(diǎn)的論證和說(shuō)明,所以應(yīng)該參照本段的主旨句去從選項(xiàng)中選擇一個(gè)闡述、說(shuō)明論點(diǎn)的選項(xiàng);
C.如果題目出現(xiàn)在段落的末尾,那么正確的選項(xiàng)一般是對(duì)整個(gè)段落的總結(jié),并且這個(gè)總結(jié)是與本段主旨句相呼應(yīng)的。當(dāng)然在少數(shù)情況下,尾句也可以作為過(guò)渡句引起下文或者是排比和舉例子等細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容。
②文章結(jié)構(gòu)解題法
因?yàn)殚喿x理解的文章全部是議論文或說(shuō)明文,這就決定了這些文章本身的敘述和展開(kāi)方式,弄清楚這些文章的結(jié)構(gòu)自然在選擇答案時(shí)就簡(jiǎn)單了許多:
A.問(wèn)題解答型:此類(lèi)文章,一般采用原因性結(jié)構(gòu),然后分析其成因,包括主觀(guān)的、客觀(guān)的、直接的、間接的等;
B.現(xiàn)象解釋型:此類(lèi)文章,一般采用釋義性結(jié)構(gòu),解釋某一事物、現(xiàn)象、科學(xué)理論等,通常用舉例子,打比方等方法來(lái)進(jìn)行闡述論證;
C.結(jié)論說(shuō)明型:此類(lèi)文章,一般采用比較性結(jié)構(gòu),把人或事物的功能、特點(diǎn)等進(jìn)行比較從而引出一個(gè)結(jié)論;
D.新老觀(guān)點(diǎn)型:此類(lèi)文章,一般采用駁斥性結(jié)構(gòu),通常這樣的文章會(huì)先闡述說(shuō)明一個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn),然后對(duì)這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行駁斥,再進(jìn)一步分析這個(gè)觀(guān)點(diǎn)的正負(fù)面,最后闡明自己的觀(guān)點(diǎn);
所以,建議廣大的考生在正式做題之前知曉所考文章的類(lèi)型。
③復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系解題法
復(fù)現(xiàn),是保證文章前后銜接而經(jīng)常使用的一種寫(xiě)作手段,即作者在文章上下文不同的位置對(duì)同一個(gè)概念進(jìn)行重復(fù)描述,從而使得同樣的意思在文章不同的地方重復(fù)出現(xiàn)。復(fù)現(xiàn)關(guān)系,主要是指同義復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義復(fù)現(xiàn)、反義復(fù)現(xiàn)、平行結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)現(xiàn)、搭配復(fù)現(xiàn)等。
④無(wú)關(guān)連詞解題法
其實(shí),這種方法是一種反正法。即把所有選項(xiàng)中的連詞找出,在考生已經(jīng)通讀全文知道文章大意的基礎(chǔ)上判斷含有特定連詞的選項(xiàng)是否在意思上和其所在段落相吻合,否則就予以排除。
⑤邏輯關(guān)系解題法
邏輯關(guān)系主要有:并列遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系、例證關(guān)系、定義關(guān)系等:
A.并列遞進(jìn)關(guān)系:標(biāo)志詞匯有 and, indeed, also, besides, similarly, like, accordingly, in the same way, meanwhile, furthermore, moreover等;
B.轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系:標(biāo)志詞匯有 but, yet, although, however, on the contrary, on the other hand, instead等;
C.因果關(guān)系:標(biāo)志詞匯有 for, because, since, therefore等;
D.解釋關(guān)系:標(biāo)志詞匯有 that is, that is to say, for example, such as, namely, in other words等。
(2)解題步驟
A.第一步:通讀全文,尤其是首末段,迅速得知文章的主旨大意;
B.第二步:通讀選項(xiàng),在每個(gè)選項(xiàng)下邊用筆標(biāo)記本選項(xiàng)的大致中文意思,以做到心中有數(shù),至少應(yīng)該能知道可以供考生選擇的選項(xiàng)的意思范圍,并且在很短的時(shí)間里找到考生想找到的選項(xiàng);
C.第三步:回到文章中的空白處,分析空白處的上下文,結(jié)合前面的解題方法得出需要的選項(xiàng);
D.第四步:把自己選擇的選項(xiàng)帶入原文,檢測(cè)是否文章前后連貫,檢測(cè)所選的選項(xiàng)是否和文章的主旨大意相吻合。
(3)解題技巧
A.“就近原則”,在文章空白處的上下文中尋找解題的線(xiàn)索;
B.“時(shí)間原則”,出現(xiàn)時(shí)間、年代等詞語(yǔ)時(shí),要注意文章中的時(shí)間和選項(xiàng)中的時(shí)間的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系;
C.“代詞原則”,指示代詞,因?yàn)槭侵复懊娴膬?nèi)容,所以一般不能作為段落的開(kāi)頭;
D.“相近原則”,如果有兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)非常的相似,那么其中一個(gè)往往是正確答案;
E.“重復(fù)原則”,如果一個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的單詞與文章中的單詞重復(fù)比較多或意思相近的比較多,那么這個(gè)選項(xiàng)往往就是正確答案;
F.“排除原則”:做7選5填空的時(shí)候,建議大家最好使用排除原則,由易到難地去解題。
四、大綱樣題(Sample One)
Directions:
In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)
Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals.Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.
41).Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago.That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land,often of the plants that grew on it,and even of its climate.
42).Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action,and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water.Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.
43).There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance.The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming.The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses.They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.
44). Of these,the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.
45).About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.
[A]The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.
[B]Nevertheless,we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.
[C]The first animals with true backbones were the fishes,first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.
[D]The best index fossils tend to be marine creature. There animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.
[E]The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forma are more complex,and among these are the sealilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.
[F]When an animal dies,the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.
[G]Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.
[試題分析]
本篇是一篇科普文章,介紹的是史前類(lèi)動(dòng)物。文章結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰,首先用一般性的介紹來(lái)引入史前類(lèi)動(dòng)物和記載它們形體和活動(dòng)的化石,接下來(lái)的幾段就逐漸按照進(jìn)化的順序來(lái)一一介紹各種動(dòng)物。
具體分析一下五個(gè)空白處的內(nèi)容。
41.首先來(lái)看一下空白處的上下文。上文講的是許多生物都已經(jīng)滅絕,沒(méi)有后代生活在這個(gè)世界上。下文講的是化石使我們了解了這些生物的形態(tài)?梢酝茢,空白處是一個(gè)銜接的句子,應(yīng)該是從生物到化石介紹的過(guò)渡,再看選項(xiàng)中,[A][B][E]都提到了這兩方面內(nèi)容,但[A][E]談的是具體的一些生物,不是這段泛泛而談的所有生物,因此不契合。[B]是正確答案。
42.本題考查尋找特征詞的能力。在該題中,根據(jù)就近原則在該題后的句子中找到“the fossils”和“water action”為特征詞!皌he fossils”說(shuō)明“fossils”一詞是至少是第二次出現(xiàn),因?yàn)樗懊婕恿硕ü谠~the,通過(guò)仔細(xì)觀(guān)察并不難發(fā)現(xiàn),42以及其前面的內(nèi)容中都沒(méi)有fossils,這就確定fossils一詞必定出現(xiàn)在41,42中。根據(jù)意群相一致原則,在42中必定要與“water action”同現(xiàn)或復(fù)現(xiàn)的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)。綜上所述,有同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足以上兩個(gè)條件的選項(xiàng)才是正確答案。雖然[G]項(xiàng)一開(kāi)始就有“how fossils are preserved”, 但是[G]項(xiàng)講的是動(dòng)物遺體上的有機(jī)組織轉(zhuǎn)化形式,沒(méi)有提及水的活動(dòng)。選項(xiàng)[F]中就多次提到水在化石形成過(guò)程中的重要作用,與上下文相符合。
43.本題選擇的特征詞是“also”。“also”表并列關(guān)系,這就證明在43前面的句子中應(yīng)當(dāng)與also后的crablike creatures相并列,即空白處顯然有關(guān)于另一動(dòng)物的內(nèi)容;從本段開(kāi)始,文章轉(zhuǎn)向討論由低級(jí)高級(jí)變化(進(jìn)化)中的動(dòng)物。[E]項(xiàng)開(kāi)始的部分是“The earliest animals whose remains have been found.”,符合文章寫(xiě)作的順序。[B]項(xiàng)與上文相符,但與下文不符,且與全文結(jié)構(gòu)不相吻合。
44.本題選擇的特征詞是these以及與其具有同指關(guān)系的ammonites 和They 。通過(guò)閱讀44以后的兩個(gè)句子不難發(fā)現(xiàn),these,ammonites ,They是指同一事物,意即有“shell”的事物。同時(shí)44后一開(kāi)始就有“Of these,...”,也就是說(shuō),空白部分應(yīng)該有“some, several, many”或類(lèi)似的詞,答案只能是[A]。由于文中有了“The first animals”,為避免句式上的重復(fù),作者改變句子起始的模式。這種做法很多見(jiàn),因而也是考生閱讀和寫(xiě)作中應(yīng)該注意的。
45.該題目是一道簡(jiǎn)單試題,一方面這是一道段落題,這就決定了有可能選最長(zhǎng)的選項(xiàng)為答案,另一方面根據(jù)就近原則在下一段首句中發(fā)現(xiàn)的About 75 million years ago成為我們解題的關(guān)鍵。從文章的整體結(jié)構(gòu)看,這里需要一個(gè)內(nèi)容的“高潮”:前面幾段,動(dòng)物都在不斷地進(jìn)化,而下文中“About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over”,這里需要有一個(gè)“交代”。只有[C]項(xiàng)符合這一條件;同時(shí),“reptile”在本題空白處前文章中從沒(méi)有提到,在下文中又沒(méi)有作為新信息,因而作為正確答案的選項(xiàng)中一定有這個(gè)詞,只有[C]項(xiàng)中有“The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea,and in the air”。所以正確答案只能是[C]。
答案:41.B 42.F 43.E 44.A 45.C