第一章 定語從句
英語和漢語中的定語有很大的不同。漢語中定語只能前置,而英語中定語既可前置也可后置。兩者的不同,不僅表現(xiàn)在結(jié)構(gòu)上,也表現(xiàn)在意義上。英語中的定語從句有時(shí)從原因、結(jié)果、目的或條件等方面對中心詞加以限定。因此,在對語法結(jié)構(gòu)、上下文邏輯關(guān)系深刻理解的前提下,為了更明確地表明這種邏輯關(guān)系,可以將定語從句翻譯成相應(yīng)的狀語從句。同時(shí)值得注意的是,定語從句與中心詞之間常有分割成分,而該分割成分中與定語從句緊挨著的名詞,常常會被誤認(rèn)為定語從句的中心詞。
因此,遇到這種結(jié)構(gòu),一定要根據(jù)上下文和常識進(jìn)行判斷。翻譯定語從句時(shí)可采用提前譯、順序譯、分譯或轉(zhuǎn)譯等多種方法。
1. As far as the third factor is concerned, the history of science shows many instances in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; in some cases centuries elapsed before this resistance was eventually broken down, as happened in cosmology, for example.
第一層： As far as the third factor is concerned , 狀語從句1 the history 主 of science 定 shows 謂 many 定 instances 賓 in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly power- 定語從句 ful resistance to further investigation ; in some cases 狀 centuries 主 elapsed 謂 before this resistance was eventually broken down, as 狀語從句2 happened in cosmology, for example.
第二層： (狀語從句1) As far as 引 the third factor 主語 is 系 concerned 表語
(定語從句) in which 引 the force 主 of authority 定 has operated 謂 in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful re- 狀 sistance to further investigation
(狀語從句2) before 引 this resistance 主 was 系 eventually 狀 broken down, 表 as happened in cosmology,for example 定語從句
第三層： (定語從句) as 引 happened 謂 in cosmology, 狀 for example. 插入語
要點(diǎn) 本句由兩個(gè)分句構(gòu)成,以分號連接。第一個(gè)分句的主干為"the history of science shows many instances","in which"引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾"instances","such ...as ..."表結(jié)果,后接不定式；在第二個(gè)分句中,before 引出時(shí)間狀語從句："before this resistance was eventually broken down";代詞"as"在此是關(guān)系代詞,引出定語從句："as happened in cosmology"。resistance:抵抗(力)；阻力。cosmology:宇宙論,宇宙哲學(xué)。
譯文 至于第三個(gè)因素,科學(xué)史中有許多事例表明,權(quán)威的力量起到這樣一種作用：它給進(jìn)一步的研究設(shè)置了一道極其牢固的障礙；在許多情況下,要花上幾個(gè)世紀(jì)的時(shí)間才能最終打破這道障礙。例如,在宇宙學(xué)中就發(fā)生過這樣的事。
2. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第一層： Behaviorists 主 suggest 謂 that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his 賓語從句 or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.
第二層： (賓語從句) that 引 the child 主 who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity 定語從句
for appropriate responses will experience 謂 greater intellectual 定 development. 賓
第三層： (定語從句) who 引 is raised 謂 in an environment 狀 where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for ap- 定語從句
propriate responses
第四層： (定語從句) where 引 there 引 are 系 many 定 stimuli 主 which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses 定語從句
第五層： (定語從句) which 引 develop 謂 his or her 定 capacity 賓 for appropriate 定 responses
要點(diǎn) 根據(jù)上下文的邏輯關(guān)系可以看出,本句中suggest的詞義不是propose,而是bring an idea into the mind, 所以翻譯為"…的看法是"。who引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾child,根據(jù)上下文的語義關(guān)系,翻譯成條件句；where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾environment,用合譯法譯出；which引導(dǎo)的從句修飾stimuli,用分譯法進(jìn)行翻譯。appropriate:適合的,相稱的。 譯文 行為主義者的看法是,如果一個(gè)兒童在有許多刺激因素的環(huán)境里長大,而這些刺激因素能夠開發(fā)其相應(yīng)的反映能力,那么這個(gè)兒童將會有更好的智力發(fā)展。
3. I suggest transforming our social system from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements.
要點(diǎn) 本句為含有兩個(gè)定語從句的主從復(fù)合句。主句的謂語動詞suggest可接動名詞作賓語。而賓語中的transform一詞常用在"transform sth. from ... into..."結(jié)構(gòu)中,譯為"把…從…轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)椤?。句中兩個(gè)in which分別修飾其先行詞industrialism,翻譯時(shí)宜采用前置法。兩個(gè)破折號之間的those of love and of reason為potentialities一詞的同位語。
譯文 我建議把我們的社會制度從以最大限度的生產(chǎn)和最大限度的消費(fèi)為目的的官僚主義管理下的產(chǎn)業(yè)體制轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐粋�(gè)充分發(fā)揮人的潛能--即愛和理智的潛能--為其全部社會工作之目的的人道主義產(chǎn)業(yè)體制。
4. President Kennedy wanted people who raised questions, who criticized, on whose judgment he could rely, who presented an intelligent point of view, regardless of their rank or viewpoint.
要點(diǎn) 本句中"who...","who...","on whose...","who..."四個(gè)定語從句并列,共同修飾中心詞"people"。
譯文 肯尼迪總統(tǒng)需要提問題的人、能提批評意見的人、做出可靠判斷的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不問他們的級別和觀點(diǎn)。
5. In the "soap war" between Proctor and Gamble and Unilever, tremendous use is made of statistics to measure the dynamic difference in market resulting from the proportional allocation to advertising, which constitutes such a large part of their production costs before selling, so that they regard their production costs as production plus advertising costs.
要點(diǎn) 此句結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,但主句很簡單,主語為use,謂語為is made。主句正常語序?yàn)閠remendous use of statistics is made to..., to measure...作目的狀語,resulting from...為現(xiàn)在分詞短語作difference的后置定語。which引導(dǎo)一個(gè)非限制性定語從句,修飾allocation to advertising。so that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)結(jié)果狀語從句。plus為介詞,意為"加上"。soap war 為"肥皂廣告大戰(zhàn)"。
譯文 在Proctor and Gamble和 Unilever兩家企業(yè)之間的"肥皂大戰(zhàn)"中,雙方就大量使用了統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)知識來測量由相應(yīng)的廣告投入所引起的市場上的動態(tài)差異,這一項(xiàng)在售前的生產(chǎn)成本中占較大部分,所以他們把生產(chǎn)成本看作是生產(chǎn)費(fèi)用與廣告費(fèi)用之和。
6. Smart cards, which can carry as much as 80 times more information on them than conventional cards with a magnetic stripe, are already widely used in European countries where centralized banks can roll out new services on a nationwide basis.
要點(diǎn) 本句為簡單復(fù)合句。句架為Smart cards, which ..., are already widely used in European countries where...。which為關(guān)系代詞,引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句,修飾smart cards；where 為關(guān)系副詞,引導(dǎo)定語從句,修飾countries。nationwide:全國范圍內(nèi)的。roll out:本意為"展開(卷起之物)",此處為引申義,指展開工作。
譯文 智能卡載有的信息量是普通磁卡信息載量的80多倍,已經(jīng)在歐洲各國廣泛使用,因而使歐洲各國中央銀行得以在全國范圍展開新型的服務(wù)。
7. How well the prediction will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.
要點(diǎn) 本句含有一個(gè)主語從句How well the prediction will be validated by later performance和一個(gè)定語從句with which it is interpreted。定語從句中it 指代prediction,該定語從句修飾the skill and wisdom。在翻譯時(shí)主語從句用分譯法,定語從句用合譯法。validate:使有效；使有充分根據(jù)。
譯文 預(yù)測在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí),這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適宜性,還取決于用來解釋預(yù)測的技巧和智慧。
8. Thus, to rectify the positions taken previously, where we contented ourselves with condemnations, in my delegation's opinion, we must find an overall solution which would come to grips with both the substance as well as the superficial aspects which, after all, serve only to compel us to keep this problem constantly on the Security Council's agendas.
要點(diǎn) 本句含有三個(gè)定語從句"where...condemnations","which would come to grips ..."和"which, after all, serve only to compel..."。第二個(gè)定語從句譯成同位結(jié)構(gòu)；第三個(gè)定語從句同上下文有明顯的因果關(guān)系,譯成"因?yàn)椤?。overall:從頭到尾；總的,全面的。
譯文 因此,我們代表團(tuán)認(rèn)為,要糾正我們過去采取的只是滿足于進(jìn)行譴責(zé)的那種立場,我們必須尋求一個(gè)全面的解決方法,既能解決本質(zhì)方面的問題,又能解決應(yīng)對表面的問題,因?yàn)閮H解決表面問題畢竟只能迫使我們一次又一次地把這個(gè)問題列入安理會的議程。
9. We may define chemistry as the science in which we deal with the chemical change in matter as a result of which it is possible to form a new substance.
要點(diǎn) 本句中有兩個(gè)由which引導(dǎo)的定語從句：第一個(gè)定語從句的先行詞是science,而不是chemistry; 第二個(gè)定語從句的先行詞是chemical change,而不是result或matter。
譯文 我們可以說,化學(xué)是論述物質(zhì)化學(xué)變化的科學(xué),通過化學(xué)變化可能獲得新的物質(zhì)。
10. Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch!
要點(diǎn) 本句由一個(gè)主句(Time goes fast)、兩個(gè)定語從句(who...和you can catch)和一個(gè)狀語從句(when...)組成。you can catch前省略了that。按照先發(fā)生的事情先敘述以及條件在先結(jié)果在后的漢語習(xí)慣,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)采用逆序法。
譯文 對一個(gè)有美感,能以好奇心接收你所能抓到的任何東西的人來說,時(shí)間總是過得很快,比如當(dāng)戲水池里有幾個(gè)可愛的孩子,池邊還有一位如黛安娜似的年輕女子時(shí)。
第二章 倒裝句
英語句子通常有兩種語序,一種是自然語序(Natural Order),又稱正裝語序,另一種便是本章要介紹的倒裝語序(Inverted Order)。
從形式上分,倒裝有兩種：全部倒裝(Full Inversion)和部分倒裝(Partial Inversion)。謂語動詞全部位于主語之前的稱作全部倒裝,例如：In front of me stood a boy. (我面前站著一個(gè)男孩。)只將謂語動詞的一部分(通常是助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)放在主語之前的稱作部分倒裝,例如：Only in this way can we do it better. (只有這樣,我們才能做得更好一些。)從使用目的區(qū)分,倒裝也有兩種情況,即語法倒裝(Grammatical Inversion)和修辭倒裝(Rhetorical Inversion)。語法倒裝是由于語法規(guī)則的要求而必須進(jìn)行的倒裝,例如：Who called me just now?(剛才誰打電話給我?)修辭倒裝是出于修辭的需要而把正常語序轉(zhuǎn)為倒裝語序,例如：Out rushed the children.(孩子們沖了出去。)H·Fowler歸納倒裝的原因有九種,即疑問、命令、驚嘆、假設(shè)、平衡、銜接、點(diǎn)題(signpost)、否定和韻律(metrical)。這并不完全,還應(yīng)加上強(qiáng)調(diào)和為使描寫更加生動兩種。在英語中,倒裝句俯拾即是,用得非常普遍,但漢語卻很少用,所以在翻譯倒裝句時(shí),仍應(yīng)按原文詞序翻譯,并照顧漢語的習(xí)慣,以保持譯文句子結(jié)構(gòu)流暢、勻稱。本章只列舉在閱讀文章中常遇到的倒裝現(xiàn)象,以使考生熟悉英語和漢語在語序上的差異。
1. Jack London poured into his writings all the pain of his life, the fierce hatred of the bourgeoisie that it had produced in him, and the conviction it had brought to him that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第一層： Jack London 主 poured 謂 into his writings 狀 all the pain 賓 of his life, 定 the fierce hatred 賓 of the bourgeoisie 定 that it had produced in him , 定語從句1 and 連 the conviction 賓 it had brought to him 定語從句2 that the world could be made a better place to live in if the exploited would rise 同位語從句 up and take the management of society out of the hands of the exploiters .
第二層： (定語從句1) that 引 it 主 had produced 謂 in him 狀
(定語從句2) it 主 had brought to 謂 him 間賓
(同位語從句) that 引 the world 主 could be made 謂 a better place 賓 to live in 定 if the exploited would rise up and take the man- 狀語從句 agement of society out of the hands of the exploiters.
第三層： (狀語從句) if 引 the exploited 主 would rise up 謂 and 連 take 謂 the management 賓 of society 定 out of the hands of the exploiters 狀
要點(diǎn) 本句為倒裝句。如果賓語較長或賓語結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜,往往將賓語后置,采用倒裝語序,以使句子保持平衡。本句的賓語由三個(gè)并列的名詞構(gòu)成,且第二和第三個(gè)名詞后又帶有限定性定語從句,故采用倒裝語序,將動詞"poured"的賓語放在狀語"into his writings"之后。"all the pain...","the fierce hatred..."和"the conviction..."是"poured"的三個(gè)并列的賓語；其中,第一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾"hatred","it had brought to him"修飾"conviction",在該定語從句中其關(guān)系代詞作賓語而被省略；第二個(gè)that從句則是"conviction"的同位語從句。
譯文 杰克·倫敦在作品中傾注了他一生中所遭受過的一切痛苦,傾訴了這種痛苦在他心中產(chǎn)生的對資產(chǎn)階級的刻骨仇恨以及由此產(chǎn)生的這樣的信念：如果被剝削者起來反抗,從剝削者手中奪回社會管理權(quán),那么世界就會變成一個(gè)人人有好日子過的地方。
2. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urban world, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.
分 析： Along with them 狀 goes 謂 social 定 mobility, 主 ambition 主 to rise in the 定 urban world, a main factor 同位語 in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century. 定
要點(diǎn) 這是一個(gè)完全倒裝句,主語是social mobility...century,謂語動詞是goes。ambition to rise in the urban world 是對 social mobility的進(jìn)一步說明。a main factor在意思上相當(dāng)于which is a main factor in...century,修飾 ambition to ...world。本句可按原文順序翻譯。
譯文 伴隨他們而來的是社會的流動性, 人們強(qiáng)烈地希望在城市里發(fā)展,這是19世紀(jì)歐洲出生率下降的主要因素。m.payment-defi.com 醫(yī)學(xué)全在線
3. For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
要點(diǎn) 句中had he grown up ... 是虛擬條件中省略if的倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。翻譯時(shí),要把if的含義譯出。主句為并列謂語"... compensate ... , and ... tell"結(jié)構(gòu)。句中how引導(dǎo)賓語從句。虛擬條件句為賓語從句的狀語。根據(jù)漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣,條件狀語常前置。
譯文 例如,它們并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會不公； 因此,它們說明不了一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人,如果在較好的環(huán)境下成長,會有多大的才干。
4. So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.
要點(diǎn) 本句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)是the children become so involved with their computers that...。因?yàn)榘裺o involved with their computers 放在了句首,所以句子必須倒裝。因?yàn)樵摼涞膭釉~是become,所以用do來幫助倒裝。翻譯時(shí)宜用正裝語序。
譯文 參加計(jì)算機(jī)夏令營的孩子們對計(jì)算機(jī)如此著迷,以至夏令營的負(fù)責(zé)人常常不得不強(qiáng)迫他們停下來參加體育運(yùn)動或做游戲。
